Reference List

Dynamic Simulation Studies

The following dynamic simulation studies have been conducted by Dr. Blotenberg, Prof. Dr. Reike and their Team

Study	Engineering/ End user
Dynamic Simulation of an Axial Flow Compressor System	MAN TURBO
Simulate an axial flow compressor system for comprehensive basic research on anti-surge control systems.
Dynamic Simulation of a Seal Oil System	MAN TURBO
Simulation of pressure compensation at a seal-oil overhead tank of a 500 bar compressor. Proved that the minimum seal-oil differential pressure is always ensured even under extreme compensation processes.
Dynamic Simulation of a High Pressure Compressor System	MAN TURBO
Simulation of a high-pressure compressor system for 500 bar. Investigated the run-down behavior of the high-pressure compressor.
Dynamic Simulation of a Two Shaft Gas Turbine	MAN TURBO
Simulate the dynamic behavior of a two-shaft gas turbine THM 1304. A comparison with results of bench tests showed an excellent coincidence between simulation results and bench test results.
Dynamic Simulation of a Pipeline Compressor Station	MAN TURBO
Simulation of 2 natural gas pipeline compressors. Two identical compressors are operated in series. Tthe optimum control characteristic is to be found by menas of a dynamic simulation. The algorithm SEROPT allows energy savings of 5.5% compared to conventional control algorithms.
Dynamic Simulation of an offshore gas compressor system with 9 stage groups and 27  interacting control loops	HHI/ONGC
Simulation of an offshore compressor system consisting of three compressors with three stage groups each. The overall system comprised 27 independent control loops (nine anti-surge controls, three discharge pressure controls, three suction pressure controls, three load-sharing controllers and nine discharge pressure limit control loops). The study included the analysis of the control behavior and proof of stable operation even under extreme operating conditions
Dynamic Simulation of a Load Shedding Control System of a FCC Power Recovery System	BAYERNOIL
Simulation of an FCC energy recovery unit. An expander drives an electric generator. During the generator trip the suction flaps close within 0.6 secs. The reactor discharge pressure must not fluctuate more than 30 mbar. The study included the analysis of the load shedding behavior when the expander suction flaps close within 0.6 secs. The gas pressure must not fluctuate more than 1%.The simulation aimed at optimizing the control system before commissioning at site.
Dynamic Simulation of an Axial Flow Compressor System	MAN TURBO
Simulation of an axial compressor with two butterfly blow-off valves of different sizes, sequentially controlled as anti-surge control valve. The study aimed to develop a control algorithm for the protection of compressors via butterfly valves with a control performance similar to that of globe valves.
Dynamic Simulation of a Compressor with Anti-Surge Control using Smart Transmitters	MAN TURBO
Simulation of a compressor with anti-surge control and digital transmitters (Smart Transmitters). The influence of the scanning time of smart transmitters on the control behavior of protective compressor systems was investigated.
Dynamic Simulation of a two-Extraction Steam Turbine	MAN TURBO
Demonstration and presentation model of a steam turbine with two controlled extractions, driving a generator.
Dynamic Simulation of two six-stage integrally geared compressors feeding a chemical reactor	BP Chemicals
Simulation of two six-stage integrally geared compressors with 4 downstream reactors for the production of acetic acid. A trip of one or two reactors must not affect the operation of the remaining plant. The study proved that the chosen control concept met the desired requirements.
Dynamic Simulation of a Gas Turbine Fuel Gas Compression System	ALSTOM
Simulation of a fuel gas compressor system. A fuel gas compressor supplies fuel gas to a gas turbine. The suction pressure upstream the compressor may vary between 27 and 80 bar; the gas turbine requires a suction pressure of 52 bar. If the pipeline pressure is low, the compressor compresses gas controlled by a suction throttle station and adjustable stator blades. If the pipeline pressure is high, the compressor is bypassed via a bypass station. The study was to demonstrate the efficiency of the entire machine control. At GT-trip the suction valve closes within 0.15 secs. During this event, the compressor discharge pressure must not fluctuate by more than 5 %, also in case of suction pressure fluctuations between 27 and 80 bar.Change-over between the different operating modes must be smooth .
Dynamic Simulation of a Compressor Train with Steam Turbine and Generator and Axial Flow Compressor feeding a chemical plant	BASF
Simulation of a machine set for a chemical process, consisting of a steam turbine, axial compressor and generator. The study was to prove the stable operation of the equipment. The steam system has to maintain the live-steam pressure and the extraction pressure constant at variable steam flow. During the trip of an of the three  reactors the discharge pressure must be sufficiently stable in order not to affect the other reactors. This simulation is to prove that the control system can manage all the different process requirements (admission pressure control, extraction pressure control, power control, frequency control, control of compressor discharge pressure, anti-surge control), also during the trip of one of three reactors.
Simulation of a FCC energy recovery system.	PETROBRAS
An expander drives an electrical generator. During the trip of the generator the suction flaps close within 0.6 secs. The reactor discharge pressure must only fluctuate within narrow limits, in order not to affect the process. The study was to show the evidence that the control system fulfills the task set.
Pipeline Compressor Station with three Compressors in parallel	SASOL
Simulation of a natural gas compressor station with three gas turbine driven compressors in parallel operation.
The study was to prove the correct operation of the anti-surge control and the load sharing control. It checked whether hot bypasses are required. Proof of the correct dimensioning of the hot bypass valves.
Gas compressor Station with 6 individually driven Compressors operate in series and parallel operation with optimum load distribution	MAN TURBO
Simulation of a compressor station with 6 compressors. Two of them were LP and MP compressors operating in series and 4 parallel HP compressors. Each compressor is driven by an individual gas turbine.  Gas can be fed between the MP and the LP compressors. The study was to prove the correct operation of the control system with 6 anti-surge controls, load sharing control for compressors operated in series and in parallel as well as suction pressure and discharge pressure control
Pipeline Compressor station with three Compressors and Hot Bypasses	IOOC
Simulation of a three stage group gas compressor system. The study was to  investigate different shutdown scenarios in order to analyze the necessity of stage group hot bypass valves.
Nitric Acid Compressor Train with Axial Air Compressor, Axial NOX Compressor, Steam Turbine and two Expanders operating in a very large operating range	BAYER
Simulation of a Nitric Acid Compressor train consisting of steam turbine, main air compressor, NOX compressor and two expansion turbines. The study had to investigate full load and part load performance of the compressor train and to develop a suitable control strategy which allows operation of  the plant load from over a large operating range.

Dynamic Simulation of a Gas Liquifying Unit

KOC/SKEC

A compressor system with 3 stage groups is used to compress evaporated gas from a tank system and separate most of the hydrocarbons into liquid form. Due to changes between summer and winter and property of the gas, the molecular weight can vary in wide ranges. Opening of the compressor anti-surge valve changes the molecular weight of the HP compressor instantaneously. Advanced control strategies had to be developed to cope with this operation

Dynamic Simulation of a multi stage group axial flow compressor system	Sasol
A three stage group axial flow compressor with two intercoolers is dynamically simulated. The aim of this model is to compare measured performance data versus simulated data and identify performance degradation from this comparison.

Dynamic Simulation of a Gas Liquifying Unit	KOC/ PETROFAC
A compressor system with 3 stage groups is used to compress evaporated gas from a tank system and separate most of the hydrocarbons into liquid form. Due to changes between summer and winter and property of the gas, the molecular weight can vary in wide ranges. Opening of the compressor anti-surge valve changes the molecular weight of the HP compressor instantaneously. Advanced control strategies had to be developed to cope with this operation
Dynamic Simulation of a Gas Liquifying Unit	KOC/SKEC
A compressor system with 3 stage groups is used to compress evaporated gas from a tank system and separate most of the hydrocarbons into liquid form. Due to changes between summer and winter and property of the gas, the molecular weight can vary in wide ranges. Opening of the compressor anti-surge valve changes the molecular weight of the HP compressor instantaneously. Advanced control strategies had to be developed to cope with this operation

Process gas compressors in series	Petrofac
An LP and HP process gas compressor are operated in series. A dynamic simulation had to prove that operation, start-up and shutdown in a safe manner is possible l
Air separation unit	Linde/Shell
A full air separation unit, consisting of Main Air Compressor, Booster Air Compressor, Driver Steam Turbine, Coolers, Cold Box, Expansion turbine and Booster Compressor along with other process equipment are dynamically simulated to prove stable operation under normal operation and upset conditions.
Ethylen compressor system	MAN TURBO
A three stage group ethylen compressor train along with the refrigeration process is dynamically simulated..
Gas Gathering station	SKEC/ADCO
Gas is collected from a number of trunk lines and compressed in a compressor station comprising of three compressors and then forwarded to a number of trunk lines for further treatment. Basic process requirement is that the ratio of outlet trunk flows is the same as inlet trunk flows. The entire station including incoming and outgoing trunk lines was simulated. First simulation runs showed that the overall control concept included a basic error. A modified control concept was developed by Dr.-Ing. Blotenber Turboservice and introduced to SKEC and ADCO. This modified control concept was then implemented.
Repeat of a Dynamic Simulation of a Compressor Train with Steam Turbine and Generator and Axial Flow Compressor feeding a chemical plant	BASF
This simulation study was originally made in 2002. Process conditions have changed by 2010. Thus this study was repeated. In a first phase, several process upsets which the plant has been exposed to were repeated. In a second phase, the control sequence was updated and and the simulation runs were repeated with the modified control concept. The operation of the plant was significantly changed through this improvement.
Compressor for Air separation unit	Linde
A three stage group axial flow compressor system with motor drive was investigated. Aim of the study was to develop a compressor emergency shutdown sequence which avoids rundown surges of the compressor
Simulation of a booster gas compressor	JGC/Sonatrach
A motor driven booster gas compressor was simulated to investigate the start-up sequence and determine the adequate motor sizing.
Recycle gas compressor	Hyundai/Takreer
A recycle gas compressor was investigated. Start-up, emergency and normal shutdown was studied
CO2 storage compressor	Samsung/Aramco
A 7 stage gear type centrifugal compressor handling CO2 Gas was simulated. Sizing of anti-surge valves as well as start-up and shutdown was investigated
CO2 storage compressor	SALOF/PCS
A 8 stage gear type centrifugal compressor handling CO2 Gas was simulated. Sizing of anti-surge valves as well as start-up and shutdown was investigated
CO2 storage compressor	Fluor/Shell
A 8 stage gear type centrifugal compressor handling CO2 Gas was simulated. Sizing of anti-surge valves as well as shutdown was investigated
Test of an Anti-surge control system with a dynamic simulation model	Linde
A new developed anti-surge control system was tested with a dynamic compressor simulation model. The control system was connected by hardwired connection to the simulation model and the interaction beween model and control system was test online in real time
Recycle gas compressor	Technicas Reunidas/Total
A recycle gas compressor system is simulated. Startup, shutdown, valve sizing are investigated. Furthermore, it needed to be shown that a hot gas bypass is not required
Dynamic Simulation of a Compressor Train with Steam Turbine and Generator and Axial Flow Compressor feeding a chemical plant	SIPCHEM
This study was made for an existing plant. In a first phase, several process upsets which the plant has been exposed to were repeated. In a second phase, the control sequence was updated and the simulation runs were repeated with the modified control concept. Operation cost were reduced by > 1 Mio US$ per year due to these modifications.
Simulation of a high pressure compressor system	Technip/ZADCO
H high pressure compressor system is simulated.
Simulation of a booster compressor system	KNM/Neftgaz
Three parallel compressor trains feed gas from wells through collecting lines to a common discharge header.
Simulation of an axial flow gas compressor	MAN
An axial flow gas compressor was simulated to investigate the behavior at driver shutdown
Simulation of a Feed Gas Compressor	Hyundai/PDVSA
A single stage group feed gas compressor system is simulated
Simulation of a Tail Gas Compressor	Hyundai/PDVSA
A two stage group tail gas compressor system is simulated
Dynamic Simulation of a two-Extraction Steam Turbine	MAN/Solvay
Demonstration and presentation model of a steam turbine with two controlled extractions, driving a generator. Purpose of this study is to develop an improved control architecture
Gas Gathering station	PETROFAC/ADCO
Gas is collected from a number of trunk lines and compressed in a compressor station comprising of three compressors and then forwarded to a number of trunk lines for further treatment The entire station including incoming and outgoing trunk lines was simulated.
Turbine Driven Gas Compressor	Hyundai
Simulation of a steam turbine driven gas compressor
Refinery Compressors	Hyundai/SKEC
Simulation of one Wetgas and two Recycle Gas Compressors for a refinery
Upstream Compressor Station	Samsung/Gazprom
Simulation of a compressor station, consisting of two upstream compressors and one export compressor
Two-stage compressor system for crude oil storage tank farm evaporation	MAN/KOC
Based on recorded operating data from several installed compressor systems, the root cause for operational problems was identified and an improved control approach developed.

Gas Gathering Station
Repeat of a previous simulation study where the compressors have been equipped with different impellers and the compressor arrangement was changed to 2 LP compressors in parallel and one in series.	PETROFAC/ADCO
Simplified Power Station Steam System to test innovative extraction and backpressure steam turbine control	Voith
A simplified model of a steam system which is able to run as part of the controller software allows online full loop test of the turbine controller
Gear-type Process Gas Compressor
Simulate compressor shutdown events in order to verify adequate surge protection during rundown and investigate risk ofreverse rotation	Othodata/Siemens/Proman